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Published: 2026
Authors: William Gallin, Danielle Kingham, Shailee Bhattacharya, Christ Niamike, Noah Goodkind, Paul V. Franke, Meghan E. Gavin, Emma Thomley, Ryan Kammer, Ian Sackmann, Travis M. McGuire
Abstract
Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) regulations in the United States vary widely from state to state. To improve the understanding of carbon management policymakers and the public, we compile each state’s GCS regulations for 14 factors: (1) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class I state primacy, (2) UIC Class II state primacy, (3) UIC Class VI state primacy, (4) pore space ownership, (5) pore space unitization, (6) state lands availability, (7) carbon dioxide ownership, (8) liability, (9) subsurface encroachment, (10) reporting agency, (11) pipeline safety agency, (12) pipeline eminent domain, (13) environmental justice, and (14) UIC Class VI permit applications. For each regulatory factor, we assign each state a “readiness” value between 0–5 according to its regulatory and legislative status, and we assign each factor a weight between 1–3 according to its significance to GCS project advancement. Resulting weighted averages range from most ready, Louisiana (4.85), to least ready, Hawaii and South Dakota (both 0.30). States with high oil and gas production and federally supported GCS projects tend to have high regulatory readiness. This review provides insight for states and international entities seeking to develop or enhance GCS regulations.